S 3385 ObamaCare Subsidy Extension (Cloture Rejected 51 to 48 on 12/11/2025, Roll Call 644). Extends enhanced ObamaCare subsidies by an additional three years. See U.S. Const., Art. I, Sec. 8.

S J Res 90 Venezuela (Rejected 49 to 51 on 11/6/2025, Roll Call 608). Prevents military action within or against Venezuela without a congressional declaration of war. See U.S. Const., Art. I, Sec. 8.

S J Res 80 Alaska Petroleum Reserve Rule (Passed 52 to 45 on 10/30/2025, Roll Call 599). Overturns a 2022 Bureau of Land Management rule for the 23-million-acre National Petroleum Reserve in Alaska. See U.S. Const., Art. I, Sec. 8 & Art. IV, Sec. 3.

Senator Rand Paul’s (R-Ky.) amendment to S 2296 Federal Reserve Interest Payments (Rejected 14 to 83 on 10/9/2025, Roll Call 562). Prohibits any Federal Reserve bank from paying interest on reserve balances that are maintained at a Federal Reserve bank by or on behalf of a big bank or another depository institution. See U.S. Const., Art. I, Sec. 8.

S Con Res 22 Budget Resolution (Rejected 36 to 62 on 9/16/2025, Roll Call 521). Cuts six percent of all federal spending. See U.S. Const., Art. I, Sec. 8.

Senator John Kennedy’s (R-La.) amendment to HR 3944 Reducing Agriculture Funding (Rejected 14 to 81 on 8/1/2025, Roll Call 476). Reduces discretionary spending in the agriculture appropriations component of the bill by two percent across the board. See U.S. Const., Art. I, Sec. 8.

HR 4 Fiscal 2025 Rescissions (Passed 51 to 48 on 7/17/2025, Roll Call 411). Rescinds $9 billion in funding previously appropriated by Congress for fiscal 2025. See U.S. Const., Art. I, Sec. 8.

Senator Mike Lee's (R-Utah) amendment to HR 1 Ending "Green" Subsidies (Rejected 21 to 79 on 7/1/2025, Roll Call 360). Ends federal tax credits for projects utilizing battery and energy-storage technologies. See U.S. Const., Art. I, Sec. 8.

S 1582 GENIUS Act (Passed 68 to 30 on 6/17/2025, Roll Call 318). Imposes new federal regulations on cryptocurrency stablecoins. See U.S. Const., Art. I, Sec. 8.

H J Res 42 Appliance Efficiency Regulations (Passed 52 to 46 on 4/30/2025, Roll Call 223). Overturns a Department of Energy rule imposing new efficiency-standard certification, labeling, and enforcement requirements for dozens of appliances. See U.S. Const., Art. I, Sec. 8.

The federal government should not impose regulatory standards on consumer products. Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution does not authorize Congress to regulate consumer products; this is reserved to the states, as the 10th Amendment affirms.

The “Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938,” which mandates a federal minimum wage for nearly every employee in the United States, is unconstitutional. Nothing in the Constitution authorizes Congress to set the wages of non-federal or private employees. In fact, Article I, Section 8, Clause 3 of the Constitution limits Congress to regulating “Commerce … among the several States,” preventing interference by the federal government in intrastate economic matters. The 10th Amendment reinforces that all powers not delegated to the federal government are reserved “to the States respectively, or to the people.”

Sen. Paul's amendment to HR 1968 Debt Ceiling (Rejected 5 to 94 on 4/4/2025, Roll Call 179). Reduces the bill's increase in the debt limit from $4 trillion to $500 billion.

Sen. Paul's amendment to HR 1968 USAID Funding Cuts (Rejected 27 to 73 on 2/21/2025, Roll Call 77). Reduces funding levels for the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID). See U.S. Const., Art. I, Sec. 8.

The federal government should not use taxpayer money to facilitate biological males competing against real women and girls.

H J Res 35 EPA Emissions Rule (Passed 52 to 47 on 2/27/2025, Roll Call 97). Overturns an EPA rule that imposed annual fees on oil and gas facilities that emit methane above certain thresholds. See U.S. Const., Art. I, Sec. 8.

Senator Rand Paul's (R-Ky.) amendment to S Con Res 7 Deficit Reduction (Rejected 24 to 76 on 2/21/2025, Roll Call 77). Reduces the deficit by approximately $1.4 trillion through fiscal 2034. See U.S. Const., Art. I, Sec. 8.

Senator Ben Ray Luján's (D-N.M.) amendment to S Con Res 7 Federal Funding for Law Enforcement (Rejected 48 to 52 on 2/21/2025, Roll Call 81). Increases federal funding for local law enforcement by funding the COPS Hiring Program. See U.S. Const., Art. I, Sec. 8.

Senator Tammy Duckworth's (D-Ill.) amendment to S Con Res 7 In Vitro Fertilization (Rejected 49 to 51 on 2/21/2025, Roll Call 82). Protects access to "reproductive healthcare," including "fertility treatment services" such as in vitro fertilization (IVF). See U.S. Const., Art. I, Sec. 8.

The U.S. Constitution does not grant a right to abortion. Abortion is not healthcare, it is the ending of innocent human life, and the Declaration of Independence affirms the right to life as a fundamental, God-given, and inherent right.

HR 10545 Continuing Appropriations (Passed 85 to 11 on 12/21/2024, Roll Call 339). Extends federal funding through March 14, 2025. See U.S. Const., Art. I, Sec. 8.

S J Res 117 Canceling Ukrainian Debt (Rejected 37 to 61 on 11/20/2024, Roll Call 295). Disapproves of President Biden's plan to cancel $4.65 billion in Ukrainian debt.

IVF is not included in the powers delegated to the federal government by the Constitution. Moreover, in February 2024, the Alabama Supreme Court ruled that frozen embryos should be considered children, just as should be the case with embryos in the mother’s womb. The destruction of frozen embryos — which is common in the IVF process — is the destruction of innocent human life.

The Constitution does not authorize the federal government to regulate furnaces and other appliances.

This vote marked the return of the United States to the Paris-based organization, reversing its formal exit by the Trump administration in 2018. Yet rather than merely leaving UNESCO, the United States should fully withdraw from the entire United Nations system. The UN poses one of the greatest threats to U.S. sovereignty and the God-given rights of the American people, as its charter is antithetical to the U.S. Constitution. Congress must pursue a sound, traditional foreign policy of noninterventionism, based on U.S. interests and the original intent of the Founding Fathers.

HR 815 Foreign Aid Package (Passed 79 to 18 on 4/23/2024, Roll Call 154). Provides a total of $95.3 billion in “emergency” aid for Ukraine, Israel, and Taiwan. See U.S. Const., Art. I, Sec. 8.

FISA has been used to spy on U.S. citizens without a warrant in violation of the Fourth Amendment. While the bill includes provisions ostensibly to protect the privacy of U.S. citizens, those provisions fail to uphold Americans’ Fourth Amendment-protected rights. Furthermore, the FISA Court approves just about any surveillance request that comes its way, and given the track record of intelligence agencies, it is unlikely that they would actually follow these rules.

Sen. Rand Paul's (R-Ky.) amendment to HR 7888 Surveilling U.S. Citizens (Rejected 11 to 81 on 4/19/2024, Roll Call 147). Prohibits federal officials from requesting orders under FISA to surveil U.S. persons, among other provisions. See U.S. Const., amend. 4.

S 4072 EPA Tailpipe Emissions Rule (Rejected 52 to 46 on 4/18/2024, Roll Call 142). Prohibits the use of fiscal 2024 funding to implement or enforce EPA rules on tailpipe emissions for vehicles. See U.S. Const., Art. I, Sec. 8.

The 10th Amendment reserves any such regulatory powers to “the States respectively, or to the people,” as opposed to unelected federal bureaucrats. In addition to eroding state sovereignty, the FHWA’s rule is a step toward implementing UN-led global “climate change” policy.

Sen. Eric Schmitt's (R-Mo.) amendment to HR 2882 Free Speech (Rejected 47 to 51 on 3/23/2024, Roll Call 109). Prohibits funds from being used by the federal government to label speech as “disinformation or misinformation” or to coerce online platforms to censor such speech. See U.S. Const., amend. 1.

HR 2882 Consolidated Appropriations (Passed 74 to 24 on 3/23/2024, Roll Call 114). Appropriates $1.2 trillion in total funding for fiscal 2024. See U.S. Const., Art. I, Sec. 8.

Sen. Paul's amendment to HR 2882 Spending Reductions (Rejected 34 to 63 on 3/23/2024, Roll Call 106). Reduces spending by 5 percent, excluding military and border funding. See U.S. Const., Art. I, Sec. 8.

Sen. Bill Hagerty's (R-Tenn.) amendment to HR 2882 Migrant Parole Program (Rejected 47 to 51 on 3/23/2024, Roll Call 112). Prohibits funding in the bill from being used to fly illegal migrants into the United States. See U.S. Const., Art. I, Sec. 8.

Migrants who do not satisfy the conditions for asylum are often, upon their entry into the United States and release from custody, granted parole for up to two years under Title 8 of the Immigration and Nationality Act, making them eligible for work permits. Given that aliens are presumed to be ineligible for asylum if they enter the United States unlawfully after failing to seek refuge in a third country (e.g., Mexico), the CBP One app has effectively become a fraudulent gateway for millions of illegal migrants. Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution stipulates that Congress shall have the power to “establish a uniform Rule of Naturalization,” and Article II, Section 3 requires the president to “take Care that the Laws be faithfully executed.”

The purpose of the U.S. Census is to determine the allotment of congressional seats and Electoral College votes for each state. Illegal aliens, who are not U.S. citizens, should not be counted toward determining those numbers. Furthermore, changing the demographics of a congressional district or state also changes the voting patterns of those areas.

HR 4366 Consolidated Appropriations (Passed 75 to 22 on 3/8/2024, Roll Call 84). Appropriates $467.5 billion in federal funding for fiscal 2024. See U.S. Const., Art. I, Sec. 8.

Senator Rand Paul's (R-Ky.) amendment to HR 7463 Federal Reserve Activities (Rejected 37 to 53 on 2/29/2024, Roll Call 63). Prohibits the Federal Reserve from purchasing or selling the debt of any state or municipality. See U.S. Const., Art. I, Sec. 8 and Art. I, Sec. 10.

Under the U.S. Constitution, the power to declare war belongs to Congress, and the United States should follow a policy of noninterventionism, minding its own business in foreign affairs.

S J Res 43 Student Loan Repayment Rule (Rejected 49 to 50 on 11/15/2023, Roll Call 310). Formally disapproves of an unconstitutional Department of Education rule to repay and forgive student loans. See U.S. Const., Art. I, Sec. 8.

Sen. Paul's (R-Ky.) amendment to HR 6363 Spending Reductions (Rejected 32 to 65 on 11/15/2023, Roll Call 311). Reduces funding in the bill for most federal agencies by 15 percent, and rescinds $30 billion in IRS enforcement funds. See U.S. Const., Art. I, Sec. 8.

HR 4366 Consolidated Appropriations Minibus (Passed 82 to 15 on 11/1/2023, Roll Call 284). Provides roughly $279 billion in spending for three of the 12 fiscal 2024 appropriations bills. See U.S. Const., Art. I, Sec. 8.

Sen. Rand Paul's (R-Ky.) amendment to HR 4366 Audit the Fed (Rejected 46 to 51 on 11/1/2023, Roll Call 280). Requires a full audit of the Federal Reserve System.

The deployment of U.S. forces to Niger was not specifically authorized by Congress, and under the Constitution only Congress has the power to declare war.

The federal government has no authority under the Constitution to impose mask mandates.

HR 5860 Continuing Resolution (Passed 88 to 9 on 9/30/2023, Roll Call 247). Appropriates federal funding at bloated fiscal 2023 levels. See U.S. Const., Art. I, Sec. 8.

It is unconstitutional to force vaccinations on people.

Sen. Rand Paul's (R-Ky.) amendment to S 2226 Declaration of War (Rejected 16 to 83 on 7/19/2023, Roll Call 191). Recognizes that the North Atlantic Treaty “does not supersede the constitutional requirement that Congress declare war.” See U.S. Const., Art. I, Sec. 8.

H J Res 44 ATF Firearm Brace Rule (Rejected 49 to 50 on 6/22/2023, Roll Call 171). Formally disapproves of an unconstitutional ATF rule expanding the definition of a “short-barreled rifle.” See U.S. Const., amend. 2.

The federal government has no authority under the Constitution to implement environmental regulations. Furthermore, the EPA’s rule feeds right into the climate-change hoax and, by extension, the UN’s Agenda 2030, and would impose onerous regulations on businesses.

Sen. Paul's (R-Ky.) amendment to HR 3746 Spending Reductions (Rejected 21 to 75 on 6/1/2023, Roll Call 136). Decreases federal spending from $4.8 to $3.9 trillion over four years. See U.S. Const., Art. I, Sec. 8.

HR 3746 Bipartisan Debt-limit Deal (Passed 63 to 36 on 6/1/2023, Roll Call 146). Suspends the debt limit through January 1, 2025 and create caps on “discretionary” spending for fiscal years 2024 and 2025, among many other dubious changes. See U.S. Const., Art. I, Sec. 8.

The claim that the ERA is a “valid … part of the Constitution” is a sham. When Congress submitted the ERA to the states for ratification in 1972, it set a seven-year ratification period that ended on March 22, 1979. During that period, 35 states ratified the ERA, but four of those states reconsidered and rescinded their ratifications. This left the ERA seven states short of the three-fourths majority (38 states) needed to become part of the Constitution. Prior to the deadline, when it became apparent the 38-state threshold would not be reached, Congress extended the deadline to June 30, 1982. This legally dubious extension caused a fifth state to rescind, and during the extension period no new states ratified. In recent years, three new states have ratified the ERA. But to claim that this makes the ERA part of the Constitution is to ignore the long-expired deadlines, as well as the five states that rescinded.

S 870 Federal Firefighter Grants (Passed 95 to 2 on 4/20/2023, Roll Call 94). Unconstitutionally authorizes $95 million annually through fiscal 2030 for the USFA, increasing funding levels by 24 percent. See U.S. Const., Art. I, Sec. 8.

S J Res 10 Abortion (Rejected 48 to 51 on 4/19/2023, Roll Call 90). Overturns the Department of Veterans Affairs rule allowing medical coverage for abortion counseling and procedures. See U.S. Const., amends. 5 & 14.

Both federal water regulations and the EPA are unconstitutional, and if the latest Biden administration rule were allowed to stand, activities such as farming and real estate development would be greatly hampered, since farmers and developers would be subject to increased unconstitutional permit requirements and fines concerning their treatment of almost any body of water, no matter how small.

It is unconstitutional to suspend the Constitution by declaring national public-health emergencies.

In recent decades both the Executive Branch and Congress have regularly skirted the constitutional requirement in Article II, Section 2 of the U.S. Constitution that treaties have to be made with the “Advice and Consent of the Senate … provided two thirds of the Senators present concur.” Instead of recognizing agreements as treaties, they unconstitutionally designate them as “executive agreements,” thereby enabling the president and Congress to avoid seeking the advice and consent of the Senate and pass them by a simple majority of the House and Senate, rather than the more rigorous threshold of two-thirds of the senators present.

Senator Rand Paul's (R-Ky.) amendment to S 316 2001 AUMF Repeal (Rejected 9 to 86 on 3/22/2023, Roll Call 65). Repeals the unconstitutional 2001 Authorization for Use of Military Force. See U.S. Const., Art. I, Sec. 8.

H J Res 30 ESG Fiduciary Rule (Passed 50 to 46 on 3/1/2023, Roll Call 35). Overturns the Labor Department's rule allowing retirement-plan fiduciaries to use ESG. See U.S. Const., Art. I, Sec. 8.

HR 2617 Omnibus 2023 Spending (Passed 68 to 29 on 12/22/2022, Roll Call 421). Spends $1.7 trillion on multiple unconstitutional programs and agencies. See U.S. Const., Art. I, Sec. 8.

HR 8404 Marriage (Passed 61 to 36 on 11/29/2022, Roll Call 362). Repeals the Defense of Marriage Act and codifies the "right" to marry regardless of sexual orientation.

It is unconstitutional to suspend the U.S. Constitution by declaring national public health emergencies.

Treaty Document 117-1 Hydrofluorocarbons Reduction (Ratified 69 to 27 on 9/21/2022, Roll Call 343). Ratifies the Kigali Amendment to the 1987 Montreal Protocol, requiring the U.S. to increase regulations.

Congress should ensure that executive branch officials do not abridge parents’ freedom of speech or their right to peaceably assemble and petition the government for a redress of grievances, which is protected by the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.

HR 5376 Inflation Reduction Act (Passed 50 to 50 on 8/7/2022, Roll Call 325). Spends at least $512 billion on multiple unconstitutional and left-wing programs and initiatives. See U.S. Const., Art. I, Sec. 8.

Under the U.S. Constitution, only the Congress may declare war.

NATO is based on the principle of collective security, as opposed to each country acting in its own best interests. Under Article 5 of the North Atlantic Treaty, “The Parties agree that an armed attack against one or more of them … shall be considered an attack against them all and consequently they agree that, if such an armed attack occurs, each of them … will assist the Party or Parties so attacked.” The expansion of this entangling military alliance, which was comprised of just 12 members at the time of its founding, increases the likelihood of the United States being drawn into a military conflict.

Senator Rand Paul's (R-Ky.) amendment to S. 3373 Foreign Aid (Rejected 7 to 90 on 8/2/2022, Roll Call 277). Would offset the cost of S. 3373 by prohibiting USAID from distributing foreign-aid funds, other than to Israel, for 10 years. See U.S. Const., Art. I, Sec. 8.

HR 4346 Semiconductor Incentives (Passed 64 to 33 on 7/27/2022, Roll Call 271). Spends $54.2 billion on multiple unconstitutional research, development, and manufacturing programs, and authorizes an additional $168.7 billion in spending. See U.S. Const., Art. I, Sec. 8.

S 2938 Gun Control (Passed 65 to 33 on 6/24/2022, Roll Call 242). Implements new federal gun controls and mental-health programs. See U.S. Const., amend. 2.

HR 7691 Ukraine Aid (Passed 86 to 11 on 4/7/2022, Roll Call 191). Unconstitutionally spends $40.1 billion in aid to Ukraine. See U.S. Const., Art. I, Sec. 8.

S 4004 Covid Aid (Cloture rejected 52 to 43 on 5/19/2022, Roll Call 192). Unconstitutionally spends $48 billion in grants to small businesses harmed by government Covid restrictions. See U.S. Const., Art. I, Sec. 8.

Roe v. Wade was deemed unconstitutional by the U.S. Supreme Court on June 24, 2022, giving states the power to determine how they handle abortions. There is no constitutional provision granting a right to abortion. Many of our healthcare providers are subsidized by taxpayers, and government should not subsidize the killing of innocent human life.

Jackson is supportive of unconstitutional actions and clearly supports the woke agenda.

The CDC rule requiring persons to wear masks while on planes, trains, and buses is unconstitutional based on the 10th Amendment.

Senator Mike Lee's (R-Utah) amendment to H.R. 2471 Vaccine Mandates (Rejected 49 to 50 on 3/10/2022, Roll Call 75). Would "prohibit funding for COVID-19 vaccine mandates." See U.S. Const., Art. I, Sec. 8; amend. 10.

HR 2471 Omnibus Appropriations (Passed 68 to 31 on 3/10/2022, Roll Call 78). Spends $1.5 trillion on multiple unconstitutional programs and agencies. See U.S. Const., Art. I, Sec. 8.

Not only does this bill undermine election integrity, but it infringes upon federalism and state sovereignty as established under the Constitution and its 10th Amendment.

S 610 Debt Limit Increase (Passed 59 to 35 on 12/9/2021, Roll Call 491). Allowed the the Senate to pass a $2.5 trillion debt-limit increase, bypassing the filibuster and other normal obstacles to passage.

The Constitution does not grant the power to any branch of the federal government to force citizens to submit to vaccinations.

S 4 Voting Rights (Rejected 50 to 49 on 11/3/2021). Among other radical changes, gives the U.S. Department of Justice the power to unilaterally approve or reject any state election-law changes. See U.S. Const., amend. 10.

S 2747 Federalizing Voting (Rejected 49 to 51 on 10/20/2021). Implements a sweeping federalization of American elections. Mandates nationwide Internet, automatic, and same-day voter registration, and mail-in voting. See U.S. Const., Art. I, Sec. 4; amend. 10.

Nowhere in the Constitution is Congress authorized to allocate federal funding for education or to promote any particular curriculum in schools. Furthermore, critical Race Theory (CRT) is a radical and divisive theory that forces students to see and acknowledge others primarily by their skin color and racial ancestry, rather than by individual merits. CRT is part of the broader Marxist-inspired “Black Lives Matter” agenda and has its roots in Marxist “Critical Theory” originating from the Frankfurt School and Fabian Socialists. The federal government has no business promoting this extremist, anti-American agenda in our children’s schools.

Senator Josh Hawley's (R-Mo.) amendment to S.Con.Res.14 Police (Passed 95 to 3 on 8/10/2021). Unconstitutionally funds the hiring of 100,000 new local police officers nationwide with federal money. See U.S. Const., amend. 10.

S.Con.Res.14 Budget Resolution (Passed 50 to 49 on 8/11/2021). Sets budgetary levels to guide Congress in crafting, and is a necessary first step for the then-$3.5 trillion Build Back Better Act. See U.S. Const., Art. I, Sec. 8.

The federal government should not interfere with energy exploration. Regulation of various industries, such as energy, is not one of the federal government’s enumerated powers under the Constitution. Allowing the United States to fully utilize its energy resources would make the country more self-sufficient and potentially create millions of jobs.

There is no constitutional provision granting a right to abortion, Roe v. Wade notwithstanding; and pro-life taxpayers should not be forced to fund a lethal practice that violates their deeply held religious convictions.

Senator Rand Paul's (R-Ky.) amendment to S.Con.Res.14 Balancing the Budget (Rejected 28 to 71 on 8/10/2021). Would reduce federal spending by over $500 billion and eliminate the deficit by fiscal 2026.

HR 3684 Infrastructure (Passed 69 to 30 on 8/10/2021). Spends $1.2 trillion on wasteful projects and socialized programs. See U.S. Const., Art. I, Sec. 8.

S. 2093 Federalizing Voting (Failed 50 to 50 on June 22, 2021, Roll Call 246). Would implement a sweeping federalization of American elections with provisions that would severely damage election integrity, including nationwide Internet, automatic, and same-day voter registration, mail-in voting, and early voting.

S 1260 Research and Development Package (Passed 68 to 32 on 6/8/2021). Unconstitutionally authorizes $250 billion over five years for federal funding of research and development programs. See U.S. Const., Art. I, Sec. 8.

Senator Mike Lee's (R-Utah) amendment to S. 1260 Embryonic Research Restriction (Rejected 48 to 51, May 25, 2021, Roll Call 206). Would have banned taxpayer funds in S. 1260 from going to research that destroys or creates human embryos.

Senator Mike Lee's (R-Utah) amendment to S. 914 National Monument Water Rights (Rejected 41 to 54 on April 29, 2021, Roll Call 177). Would have limited the federal government's unconstitutional authority to reserve water rights when designating a national monument.

HR 1799 Paycheck Protection Program Extension (Passed 92 to 7 on 3/25/2021). Extends the Treasury Department’s Paycheck Protection Program (PPP) from March 31 to June 30, 2021 despite no constitutional authorization. See U.S. Const., Art. I, Sec. 8.

HR 1319 Coronavirus Appropriations (Passed 50 to 49 on 3/6/2021). Spends $1.9 trillion on unconstitutional programs in the name of coronavirus relief. See U.S. Const., Art. I, Sec. 8.

House Resolution 24 Trump Impeachment (Acquitted 43 to 57 on 2/13/2021). The Senate may not constitutionally convict a private citizen, and Trump did not commit any crime. See U.S. Const., Art. II, Sec. 4.

Senator Marco Rubio's (R-Fla.) amendment to S. Con. Res. 5 Enforce DHS Asylum Policies (Rejected 50 to 50 on February 5, 2021, Roll Call 51). Would allow for legislation enforcing the Trump administration’s “Remain in Mexico” policy that requires illegal migrants attempting to gain asylum in the U.S. to wait in Mexico.

Senator Rand Paul's (R-Ky.) amendment to S.Con.Res.5 Deficit Reduction (Rejected 29 to 71 on 2/4/2021).Would reduce federal spending by $67.4 billion in fiscal 2022 alone, and by a total of $7.2 trillion over 10 years.

Paul’s point is constitutionally unassailable. The Constitution states, “The President, Vice President and all civil Officers of the United States, shall be removed from Office on Impeachment for, and Conviction of, Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors.” Yet as of January 20, when Joe Biden was sworn in as president, Trump was a private citizen to whom the impeachment power does not apply.