Freedom Index 118-4

Our fourth (and final) look at the 118th Congress shows how every member of the House and Senate voted on key issues such as federal spending, immigration, UN funding (House only), and DEI (House only).

The scores are derived by dividing a congressman’s constitutional votes (pluses) by the total number he cast (pluses and minuses) and multiplying by 100. The average House score for this index is 34 percent (67 percent for the Republicans and zero percent for the Democrats), and the average Senate score is 42 percent (86 percent for the Republicans and one percent for the Democrats). Seventeen representatives and 10 senators earned 100 percent. We encourage readers to examine how their own legislators voted on each of the 10 key measures. We also encourage readers to commend legislators for their constitutional votes, and to urge improvement where needed.

Share this Freedom Index in your district to inform people about the constitutionality of their elected officials' votes.

Senate Votes

31. Federal Reserve Activities

Prohibits the Federal Reserve from purchasing or selling the debt of any state or municipality.
Read More Constitutional Vote: Yes
H.R. 7463 Roll Call 63 See Article I Section 8 Article I Section 10

32. CBP One App

Migrants who do not satisfy the conditions for asylum are often, upon their entry into the United States and release from custody, granted parole for up to two years under Title 8 of the Immigration and Nationality Act, making them eligible for work permits. Given that aliens are presumed to be ineligible for asylum if they enter the United States unlawfully after failing to seek refuge in a third country (e.g., Mexico), the CBP One app has effectively become a fraudulent gateway for millions of illegal migrants. Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution stipulates that Congress shall have the power to "establish a uniform Rule of Naturalization," and Article II, Section 3 requires the president to "take Care that the Laws be faithfully executed."
Read More Constitutional Vote: Yes
H.R. 2882 Roll Call 105

33. Spending Reductions

Reduces spending by 5 percent, excluding military and border funding.
Read More Constitutional Vote: Yes Benefit per household: +$142.00/year
H.R. 2882 Roll Call 106 See Article I Section 8

34. Migrant Parole Program

Prohibits funding in the bill from being used to fly illegal migrants into the United States.
Read More Constitutional Vote: Yes
H.R. 2882 Roll Call 112 See Article I Section 8

35. EPA Tailpipe Emissions Rule

Prohibits the use of fiscal 2024 funding to implement or enforce EPA rules on tailpipe emissions for vehicles.
Read More Constitutional Vote: Yes
S. 4072 Roll Call 142 See Article I Section 8

36. Courtney Diesel O’Donnell Nomination

President Joe Biden nominated Courtney Diesel O'Donnell to serve as the U.S. permanent representative to the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), with the rank of ambassador.
Read More Constitutional Vote: No
PN 927 Roll Call 164

37. Consumer Furnaces Rule

Senate Joint Resolution 58 would reverse a December 2023 Department of Energy rule setting stricter energy-efficiency standards for non-weatherized and mobile-home gas furnaces at 95-percent annual fuel utilization efficiency.
Read More Constitutional Vote: Yes
S. J. Res. 58 Roll Call 176

38. In Vitro Fertilization

Would, in the words of the bill, "protect and expand nationwide access to fertility treatment, including in vitro fertilization."
Read More Constitutional Vote: No
S. 4445 Roll Call 242

39. Canceling Ukrainian Debt

Disapproves of President Biden's plan to cancel $4.65 billion in Ukrainian debt.
Read More Constitutional Vote: Yes Benefit per household: +$35.00/year
S. J. Res. 117 Roll Call 295

40. Continuing Appropriations

Extends federal funding through March 14, 2025.
Read More Constitutional Vote: No Cost per household: -$3,191.00/year
H.R. 10545 Roll Call 339 See Article I Section 8

How did they vote?

Legend: Constitutional Unconstitutional Did not vote
Name Party State Score 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
Tammy Baldwin D WI 0%
John Barrasso R WY 89%
Michael F. Bennet D CO 0%
Marsha Blackburn R TN 90%
Richard Blumenthal D CT 0%
Cory A. Booker D NJ 0%
John Boozman R AR 80%
Katie Boyd Britt R AL 89%
Mike Braun R IN 100%
Sherrod Brown D OH 22%
Ted Budd R NC 90%
Laphonza R. Butler CA 0%
Maria Cantwell D WA 0%
Shelley Moore Capito R WV 78%
Benjamin Cardin D MD 0%
Thomas Carper D DE 0%
Robert Casey D PA 11%
Bill Cassidy R LA 89%
Susan M. Collins R ME 50%
Chris Coons D DE 0%
John Cornyn R TX 80%
Catherine Cortez Masto D NV 0%
Tom Cotton R AR 90%
Kevin Cramer R ND 90%
Mike Crapo R ID 100%
Ted Cruz R TX 90%
Steve Daines R MT 89%
Tammy Duckworth D IL 0%
Dick Durbin D IL 0%
Joni Ernst R IA 90%
John K. Fetterman D PA 0%
Deb Fischer R NE 90%
Kirsten E. Gillibrand D NY 0%
Lindsey Graham R SC 80%
Chuck Grassley R IA 80%
William F. Hagerty R TN 78%
Margaret Wood Hassan D NH 0%
Josh Hawley R MO 100%
Martin Heinrich D NM 0%
John W. Hickenlooper D CO 0%
Mazie K. Hirono D HI 0%
John Hoeven R ND 90%
Cindy Hyde-Smith R MS 90%
Ron Johnson R WI 100%
Tim Kaine D VA 0%
Mark Kelly D AZ 0%
John Kennedy R LA 100%
Angus S. King I ME 0%
Amy Klobuchar D MN 0%
James Lankford R OK 90%
Mike Lee R UT 100%
Ben Ray Lujan D NM 0%
Cynthia Lummis R WY 90%
Joe Manchin D WV 33%
Ed Markey D MA 0%
Roger Marshall R KS 89%
Mitch McConnell R KY 70%
Bob Menendez D NJ 0%
Jeff Merkley D OR 0%
Jerry Moran R KS 78%
Markwayne Mullin R OK 89%
Lisa Murkowski R AK 50%
Chris Murphy D CT 0%
Patty Murray D WA 0%
Jon Ossoff D GA 0%
Alex Padilla D CA 0%
Rand Paul R KY 100%
Gary Peters D MI 0%
Jack Reed D RI 0%
Pete Ricketts R NE 78%
James E. Risch R ID 100%
Mitt Romney R UT 75%
Jacky Rosen D NV 0%
Mike Rounds R SD 78%
Marco Rubio R FL 100%
Bernie Sanders I VT 20%
Brian Schatz D HI 0%
Eric Schmitt R MO 100%
Chuck Schumer D NY 0%
Rick Scott R FL 86%
Tim Scott R SC 89%
Jeanne Shaheen D NH 0%
Kyrsten Sinema D AZ 22%
Tina Smith D MN 0%
Debbie Stabenow D MI 0%
Dan Sullivan R AK 90%
Jon Tester D MT 13%
John Thune R SD 90%
Thom Tillis R NC 63%
Tommy Tuberville R AL 90%
Chris Van Hollen D MD 0%
J.D. Vance R OH 80%
Mark R. Warner D VA 0%
Raphael G. Warnock D GA 0%
Elizabeth Warren D MA 0%
Peter Welch D VT 0%
Sheldon Whitehouse D RI 0%
Roger Wicker R MS 70%
Ron Wyden D OR 0%
Todd Young R IN 70%

Average Freedom Score by Party

PartyScore
Democrat2.1%
Independent10%
Republican85.9%
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