Freedom Index 119-2

The Freedom Index: A Congressional Scorecard Based on the U.S. Constitution rates members of Congress based on their adherence to constitutional principles of limited government, fiscal responsibility, national sovereignty, and a traditional foreign policy of avoiding foreign entanglements. For information on the criteria we use to select the votes, go to FreedomIndex.us/about.

To learn how any representative or senator voted on the key measures described herein, look him or her up in the vote charts. The scores are derived by dividing a congressman’s constitutional votes (pluses) by the total number he cast (pluses and minuses) and multiplying by 100. The average House score for this index is 38 percent (71 percent for the Republicans and five percent for the Democrats), and the average Senate score is 40 percent (67 percent for the Republicans and nine percent for the Democrats). Ten representatives and just one senator (Rand Paul of Kentucky) earned 100 percent. We encourage readers to examine how their own legislators voted on each of the 10 key measures. We also encourage readers to commend legislators for their constitutional votes, and to urge improvement where needed.

Our second look at the 119th Congress shows how every member of the House and Senate voted on key issues such as digital currencies, foreign aid (House only), oil and gas drilling, and Obama-Care subsidies (Senate only).

Share this Freedom Index in your district to inform people about the constitutionality of their elected officials' votes.

Senate Votes

11. Appliance Efficiency Regulations

Overturns a Department of Energy rule imposing new efficiency-standard certification, labeling, and enforcement requirements for dozens of appliances.
Read More Constitutional Vote: Yes
H. J. Res. 42 Roll Call 223 Passed 52 to 46 on Apr 30, 2025 See Article I Section 8

12. GENIUS Act

Imposes new federal regulations on cryptocurrency stablecoins.
Read More Constitutional Vote: No Cost per household: -$0.02/year
S. 1582 Roll Call 318 Passed 68 to 30 on Jun 17, 2025 See Article I Section 8

13. Ending “Green” Subsidies

Ends federal tax credits for projects utilizing battery and energy-storage technologies.
Read More Constitutional Vote: Yes
H.R. 1 Roll Call 360 Rejected 21 to 79 on Jul 1, 2025 See Article I Section 8

14. Fiscal 2025 Rescissions

Rescinds $9 billion in funding previously appropriated by Congress for fiscal 2025.
Read More Constitutional Vote: Yes Benefit per household: +$71.00/year
H.R. 4 Roll Call 411 Passed 51 to 48 on Jul 17, 2025 See Article I Section 8

15. Reducing Agriculture Funding

Reduces discretionary spending in the agriculture appropriations component of the bill by two percent across the board.
Read More Constitutional Vote: Yes
H.R. 3944 Roll Call 476 Rejected 14 to 81 on Aug 1, 2025 See Article I Section 8

16. Budget Resolution

Cuts six percent of all federal spending.
Read More Constitutional Vote: Yes
S. Con. Res. 22 Roll Call 521 Rejected 36 to 62 on Sep 16, 2025 See Article I Section 8

17. Federal Reserve Interest Payments

Prohibits any Federal Reserve bank from paying interest on reserve balances that are maintained at a Federal Reserve bank by or on behalf of a big bank or another depository institution.
Read More Constitutional Vote: Yes
S. 2296 Roll Call 562 Rejected 14 to 83 on Oct 9, 2025 See Article I Section 8

18. Alaska Petroleum Reserve Rule

Overturns a 2022 Bureau of Land Management rule for the 23-million-acre National Petroleum Reserve in Alaska.
Read More Constitutional Vote: Yes
S. J. Res. 80 Roll Call 599 Passed 52 to 45 on Oct 30, 2025 See Article I Section 8 Article IV Section 3

19. Venezuela

Prevents military action within or against Venezuela without a congressional declaration of war.
Read More Constitutional Vote: Yes
S. J. Res. 90 Roll Call 608 Rejected 49 to 51 on Nov 6, 2025 See Article I Section 8

20. ObamaCare Subsidy Extension

Extends enhanced ObamaCare subsidies by an additional three years.
Read More Constitutional Vote: No Cost per household: -$124.00/year
S. 3385 Roll Call 644 Passed 51 to 48 on Dec 11, 2025 See Article I Section 8

How did they vote?

Legend: Constitutional Unconstitutional Did not vote
Name Party State Score 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Angela D. Alsobrooks D MD 10%
Tammy Baldwin D WI 20%
Jim Banks R IN 70%
John Barrasso R WY 70%
Michael F. Bennet D CO 20%
Marsha Blackburn R TN 60%
Richard Blumenthal D CT 20%
Cory A. Booker D NJ 10%
John Boozman R AR 40%
Katie Boyd Britt R AL 60%
Ted Budd R NC 70%
Maria Cantwell D WA 30%
Shelley Moore Capito R WV 40%
Bill Cassidy R LA 50%
Susan M. Collins R ME 20%
Chris Coons D DE 20%
John Cornyn R TX 60%
Catherine Cortez Masto D NV 11%
Tom Cotton R AR 44%
Kevin Cramer R ND 40%
Mike Crapo R ID 60%
Ted Cruz R TX 78%
John Curtis R UT 60%
Steve Daines R MT 44%
Tammy Duckworth D IL 22%
Dick Durbin D IL 30%
Joni Ernst R IA 50%
John K. Fetterman D PA 20%
Deb Fischer R NE 50%
Ruben Gallego D AZ 13%
Kirsten E. Gillibrand D NY 10%
Lindsey Graham R SC 40%
Chuck Grassley R IA 50%
William F. Hagerty R TN 70%
Margaret Wood Hassan D NH 10%
Josh Hawley R MO 60%
Martin Heinrich D NM 10%
John W. Hickenlooper D CO 10%
Mazie K. Hirono D HI 20%
John Hoeven R ND 50%
Jon Husted R OH 50%
Cindy Hyde-Smith R MS 50%
Ron Johnson R WI 70%
James C. Justice R WV 40%
Tim Kaine D VA 20%
Mark Kelly D AZ 11%
John Kennedy R LA 70%
Andy Kim D NJ 10%
Angus S. King I ME 20%
Amy Klobuchar D MN 20%
James Lankford R OK 60%
Mike Lee R UT 67%
Ben Ray Lujan D NM 10%
Cynthia Lummis R WY 80%
Ed Markey D MA 30%
Roger Marshall R KS 60%
Mitch McConnell R KY 38%
David McCormick R PA 50%
Jeff Merkley D OR 30%
Ashley Moody R FL 60%
Jerry Moran R KS 50%
Bernie Moreno R OH 60%
Markwayne Mullin R OK 40%
Lisa Murkowski R AK 33%
Chris Murphy D CT 30%
Patty Murray D WA 20%
Jon Ossoff D GA 10%
Alex Padilla D CA 10%
Rand Paul R KY 100%
Gary Peters D MI 20%
Jack Reed D RI 20%
Pete Ricketts R NE 50%
James E. Risch R ID 60%
Lisa Blunt Rochester D DE 20%
Jacky Rosen D NV 10%
Mike Rounds R SD 40%
Bernie Sanders I VT 30%
Brian Schatz D HI 20%
Adam Schiff D CA 10%
Eric Schmitt R MO 67%
Chuck Schumer D NY 20%
Rick Scott R FL 80%
Tim Scott R SC 50%
Jeanne Shaheen D NH 20%
Tim Sheehy R MT 50%
Elissa Slotkin D MI 10%
Tina Smith D MN 22%
Dan Sullivan R AK 30%
John Thune R SD 50%
Thom Tillis R NC 50%
Tommy Tuberville R AL 70%
Chris Van Hollen D MD 20%
Mark R. Warner D VA 10%
Raphael G. Warnock D GA 10%
Elizabeth Warren D MA 30%
Peter Welch D VT 33%
Sheldon Whitehouse D RI 22%
Roger Wicker R MS 33%
Ron Wyden D OR 20%
Todd Young R IN 40%

Average Freedom Score by Party

PartyScore
Democrat17.9%
Independent25%
Republican54.4%
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