Clay Higgins

HR 1069 China-funded Schools (Passed 247 to 164 on 12/4/2025, Roll Call 313). Prohibits federal education funds from being awarded to any elementary or secondary school that directly or indirectly receives support from the government of the People’s Republic of China. See U.S. Const., Art. I, Sec. 8.

S J Res 80 Alaska Petroleum Reserve Rule (Passed 216 to 209 on 11/18/2025, Roll Call 296). Overturns a 2022 Bureau of Land Management rule for the 23-million-acre National Petroleum Reserve in Alaska. See U.S. Const., Art. I, Sec. 8 & Art. IV, Sec. 3.

HR 5125 Presidential Appointment Powers (Passed 218 to 211 on 9/17/2025, Roll Call 274). Abolishes the District of Columbia Judicial Nomination Commission, allows the U.S. president to nominate D.C. judges without its involvement, and transfers authority to appoint chief judges from the commission to the president. See U.S. Const., Art. II, Sec. 2.

Representative Rich McCormick’s (R-Ga.) amendment to HR 3838 Free Speech (Passed 219 to 211 on 9/10/2025, Roll Call 258). Prohibits the Defense Department from, in its military recruitment advertising, entering into contracts with “fact-checking” entities. See U.S. Const., amend 1.

Representative Nancy Mace’s (R-S.C.) amendment to HR 3838 Taxpayer-funded Sex Changes (Passed 221 to 207 on 9/10/2025, Roll Call 246). Prohibits the Department of Defense from covering or providing “gender-related medical treatment” under TRICARE. See U.S. Const., Art. I, Sec. 8.

Representative Scott Perry's (R-Pa.) amendment to HR 4553 Defund Renewable-energy Office (Rejected 127 to 297 on 9/4/2025, Roll Call 236). Strikes all funding for the Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy. See U.S. Const., Art. I, Sec. 8.

Representative Marjorie Taylor Greene's (R-Ga.) amendment to HR 4016 Foreign Aid Programs (Rejected 63 to 365 on 7/18/2025, Roll Call 204). Eliminates $118 million for foreign-aid programs. See U.S. Const., Art. I, Sec. 8.

Representative Marjorie Taylor Greene's (R-Ga.) amendment to HR 4016 Ukraine Assistance (Rejected 76 to 353 on 7/18/2025, Roll Call 209). Eliminates foreign aid to Ukraine from the bill. See U.S. Const., Art. I, Sec. 8.

S 1582 GENIUS Act (Passed 308 to 122 on 7/17/2025, Roll Call 200). Imposes new federal regulations on cryptocurrency stablecoins. See U.S. Const., Art. I, Sec. 8.

HR 1919 Central Bank Digital Currency (Passed 219 to 210 on 7/17/2025, Roll Call 201). Prohibits the Federal Reserve from issuing a CBDC. See U.S. Const., Art. I, Sec. 8 & 10.

HR 4 Fiscal 2025 Rescissions (Passed 214 to 212 on 6/12/2025, Roll Call 168). Rescinds $9.4 billion in funding previously appropriated by Congress for fiscal 2025. See U.S. Const., Art. I, Sec. 8.

HR 2056 Washington, D.C., “Sanctuary City” Law (Passed 224 to 194 on 6/12/2025, Roll Call 171). Prohibits the District of Columbia from limiting its cooperation with federal immigration enforcement. See U.S. Const., Art. I, Sec. 8.

HR 1263 Quad Countries (Passed 334 to 51 on 5/19/2025, Roll Call 132). Directs the U.S. secretary of state to deepen America's entanglement in the "Quad," including by creating a Quad Inter-Parliamentary Working Group.

HR 1402 Event-ticket Pricing (Passed 409 to 15 on 4/29/2025, Roll Call 107). Imposes federal regulations on ticket sellers. See U.S. Const., Art. I, Sec. 8.

HR 1534 Emissions Research (Passed 350 to 73 on 3/25/2025, Roll Call 74). Representative Brian Babin (R-Texas) made a motion to suspend the rules and pass H.R. 1534, the "Innovative Mitigation Partnerships for Asphalt and Concrete Technologies (IMPACT) Act," which would authorize the Department of Energy to fund research and development partnerships focused on reducing greenhouse-gas emissions from asphalt and concrete production.

H J Res 35 EPA Emissions Rule (Passed 220 to 206 on 2/26/2025, Roll Call 52). Overturns an EPA rule that imposed annual fees on oil and gas facilities that emit methane above certain thresholds. See U.S. Const., Art. I, Sec. 8.

HR 26 Fracking (Passed 226 to 188 on 2/7/2025, Roll Call 35). Would prohibit the president from declaring a moratorium on hydraulic fracturing (fracking) unless authorized by an act of Congress.

HR 776 Conservation Programs (Passed 361 to 56 on 2/4/2025, Roll Call 29). Reauthorizes a federal conservation program (the Nutria Eradication and Control Act of 2003) through fiscal 2030. See U.S. Const., Art. I, Sec. 8.

HR 21 Medical Care for Abortion Survivors (Passed 217 to 204 on 1/23/2025, Roll Call 27). The U.S. Constitution does not grant a right to abortion. Abortion is not healthcare, it is the ending of innocent human life, and the Declaration of Independence affirms the right to life as a fundamental, God-given, and inherent right.

HR 28 Protecting Women's Sports (Passed 218 to 216 on 1/14/2025, Roll Call 12). The federal government should not use taxpayer money to facilitate biological males competing against real women and girls.

HR 10545 Continuing Appropriations (Passed 366 to 34 on 12/20/2024, Roll Call 230). Extends federal funding through March 14, 2025. See U.S. Const., Art. I, Sec. 8.

S 3791 Conservation Programs (Passed 366 to 21 on 12/3/2024, Roll Call 479). Representative Bruce Westerman (R-Ark.) made a motion to suspend the rules and pass S. 3791, the "America's Conservation Enhancement Reauthorization Act of 2024," which would reauthorize multiple conservation and wildlife programs through fiscal 2030.

H J Res 165 Education Department Title IX Rule (Passed 210 to 205 on 7/11/2024, Roll Call 230). Overturns Education Department rules that promoted far-left social policies at colleges and universities. See U.S. Const., Art. I, Sec. 8.

Rep. Greene's amendment to HR 8771 Defunding USAID (Rejected 81 to 331 on 6/27/2024, Roll Call 308). Prohibits funding in the bill from being used for USAID. See U.S. Const., Art. I, Sec. 8.

Rep. Tom Tiffany's (R-Wis.) amendment to HR 8771 Defunding the UN (Rejected 149 to 259 on 6/27/2024, Roll Call 320). Prohibits funding in the bill from going to the UN or its affiliate agencies. See U.S. Const., Art. I, Sec. 8.

HR 8752 Migrant Parole Program (Rejected 193 to 218 on 6/26/2024, Roll Call 288). During consideration of the fiscal 2025 homeland-security appropriations bill (H.R. 8752), Representative Glenn Grothman (R-Wis.) offered an amendment to prohibit funds in the bill from being used for the "Processes for Cubans, Haitians, Nicaraguans and Venezuelans" (CHNV) parole program that incentivizes illegal mass migration from those four countries.

Rep. Marjorie Taylor Greene's (R-Ga.) amendment to HR 8070 Ukraine Assistance (Rejected 74 to 343 on 6/13/2024, Roll Call 261). Prohibits funds in the bill from going to Ukraine. See U.S. Const., Art. I, Sec. 8.

HR 8070 Abortion (Passed 214 to 207 on 6/13/2024, Roll Call 263). Representative Beth Van Duyne (R-Texas) offered an amendment to prohibit the secretary of defense from paying for or reimbursing expenses relating to abortion services.

Rep. Ralph Norman's amendment to HR 8070 DEI Elimination (Adopted 211 to 208 on 6/13/2024, Roll Call 267). Eliminates DEI offices and personnel from the Department of Defense.

HR 8070 Climate-change Executive Orders (Passed 215 to 210 on 6/12/2024, Roll Call 256). Representative Chip Roy (R-Texas) offered an amendment to prohibit funds authorized by this bill from being used to implement President Joe Biden's climate-change executive orders, which focused on tackling "climate change," promoting "clean energy," "conserving" natural resources, "improving" refugee programs, boosting domestic semiconductor production, and ensuring "environmental justice" for "underserved communities."

HR 5403 Central Bank Digital Currency (Passed 216 to 192 on 5/23/2024, Roll Call 230). Prohibits the Federal Reserve from issuing a central bank digital currency (CBDC) without congressional authorization. See U.S. Const., Art. I, Sec. 8.

S 546 Federal Police Grants (Passed 370 to 18 on 5/14/2024, Roll Call 196). Representative Wesley Hunt (R-Texas) made a motion to suspend the rules and pass S. 546, the "Recruit and Retain Act," which expands the Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS) federal grant program intended to support the recruitment efforts of law-enforcement agencies, including local police, throughout the country.

HR 4824 Carbon Sequestration (Passed 364 to 44 on 4/30/2024, Roll Call 156). Expands the Department of Energy’s carbon-storage program to include carbon-sequestration projects. See U.S. Const., Art. I, Sec. 8.

HR 8035 Ukraine Aid (Passed 311 to 112 on 4/20/2024, Roll Call 151). Provides $60.8 billion for security assistance to Ukraine and replenishing stockpiles of military equipment already provided to Ukraine. See U.S. Const., Art. I, Sec. 8.

HR 7888 FISA Reauthorization (Passed 273 to 147 on 4/12/2024, Roll Call 119). Would reauthorize for two years, until 2026, Title VII of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA), which governs electronic surveillance of foreign terrorism suspects.

We oppose this bill because of the many unconstitutional agencies and programs that it would fund, because it funds our further entanglement in the Ukraine-Russia and Israel-Hamas conflicts without a congressional declaration of war, and because this reckless spending is yielding record increases in the national debt.

HR 4366 Consolidated Appropriations (Passed 339 to 85 on 3/6/2024, Roll Call 64). Appropriates $467.5 billion in federal funding for fiscal 2024. See U.S. Const., Art. I, Sec. 8.

Secretary Mayorkas deserves impeachment and trial, removal from office, and disqualification to hold office in the future. He has failed to uphold his duty to support and defend the U.S. Constitution by repeatedly violating laws enacted by Congress regarding immigration and border security. His unlawful conduct has allowed illicit drugs and millions of illegal aliens to enter and remain in the United States annually by means of insecure borders. Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution gives Congress power to “establish a uniform Rule of Naturalization,” as well as to call forth “the Militia to execute the Laws of the Union, suppress Insurrections and repel Invasions,” and Article II, Section 4 provides that “all civil Officers of the United States, shall be removed from Office on Impeachment for, and Conviction of … high Crimes and Misdemeanors.”

Rep. Mary Miller's (R-Ill.) amendment to HR 5894 Defunding OSHA (Rejected 131 to 300 on 11/14/2023, Roll Call 648). Defunds the Occupational Safety and Health Administration. See U.S. Const., Art. I, Sec. 8.

Rep. Diana Harshbarger's (R-Tenn.) amendment to HR 4664 IRS Firearms and Ammunition (Rejected 187 to 238 on 11/8/2023, Roll Call 625). Strikes all funding for firearms and ammunition for the Internal Revenue Service (IRS). See U.S. Const., amend 10.

Rep. Thomas Massie's (R-Ky.) amendment to HR 4820 Defunding “Kill-switch” Mandate (Rejected 201 to 229 on 11/7/2023, Roll Call 616). Defunds the federal “kill-switch” surveillance mandate for all new passenger vehicles. See U.S. Const., amends. 4 & 5.

Although the Founding Fathers did not envision the federal government indefinitely “owning” 30 percent of the land area of the states as it now does, they did grant Congress, not the president, the “Power to dispose of and make all needful Rules and Regulations respecting the Territory or other Property belonging to the United States” (Article IV, Section 3 of the Constitution). As to whether the federal government has the right to ownership and control of a large percentage of the land area of the states for an indefinite period of time, here’s Founding Father Thomas Jefferson’s answer in his Kentucky Resolutions of 1798: “The several states composing the United States of America, are not united on the principle of unlimited submission to their General Government; but that by compact under the style and title of a Constitution for the United States and of amendments thereto, they constituted a General Government for special purposes, delegated to that Government certain definite powers, reserving each state to itself, the residuary mass of right to their own self Government; and that whensoever the General Government assumes undelegated powers, its acts are unauthoritative, void, and of no force.”

HR 5860 Continuing Resolution (Passed 335 to 91 on 9/30/2023, Roll Call 513). Appropriates federal government funding at bloated fiscal 2023 levels from October 1, 2023 through November 17, 2023. See U.S. Const., Art. I, Sec. 8.

Rep. Scott Perry's (R-Pa.) amendment to HR 4665 Migration and Refugee Assistance (Rejected 121 to 311 on 9/28/2023, Roll Call 469). Eliminates all $2,548,250,000 of funding for the State Department’s Migration and Refugee Assistance program.

Nowhere in the Constitution is Congress authorized to allocate federal funding to international organizations such as UNESCO. Such organizations threaten U.S. sovereignty and constitutionally protected freedoms, and the United States has no business being involved in them.

The federal government has no authority under the Constitution to regulate agriculture. Furthermore, Hageman’s amendment would push back against the United Nations’ Agenda 2030, which is inherently contrary to the Constitution. Congress should eliminate all federal involvement in agriculture.

HR 3935 FAA Reauthorization (Passed 351 to 69 on 7/20/2023, Roll Call 364). Reauthorizes the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) through fiscal year 2028, and increases funding to the agency. See U.S. Const., Art. I, Sec. 8.

Rep. Mary Miller's (R-Ill.) amendment to HR 3935 DEI Funding (Rejected 181 to 254 on 7/19/2023, Roll Call 353). Prevents funds from being used to hire DEI officials or conduct DEI training. See U.S. Const., Art. I, Sec. 8.

The right to life is the most fundamental, God-given, and unalienable right asserted in the Declaration of Independence and guaranteed by the Fifth and 14th Amendments to the U.S. Constitution.

Rep. Matt Gaetz's (R-Fla.) amendment to HR 2670 Ukraine (Rejected 70 to 358 on 7/13/2023, Roll Call 304). Prohibits the use of federal funds to provide security assistance to Ukraine. See U.S. Const., Art. I, Sec. 8.

HR 3746 Bipartisan Debt-limit Deal (Passed 314 to 117 on 5/31/2023, Roll Call 243). Suspends the debt limit through January 1, 2025 and create caps on “discretionary” spending for fiscal years 2024 and 2025, among many other dubious changes. See U.S. Const., Art. I, Sec. 8.

Section 115 of the Clean Air Act has for decades served to disguise the federal government’s unconstitutional seizure of control over the domestic energy sector — a plan designed to not only erode state sovereignty, but implement United Nations-led global “climate change” policy. The 10th Amendment of the U.S. Constitution clearly reserves any such regulatory powers to the “States respectively, or to the people,” as opposed to unelected, unaccountable foreign bureaucrats.

Rep. Thomas Massie's (R-Ky.) amendment to HR 5 Terminating Department of Education (Rejected 161 to 265 on 3/24/2023, Roll Call 156). Expresses the sense of Congress that the Department of Education should be terminated. See U.S. Const., Art. I, Sec. 8.

HR 406 ASEAN Relations (Passed 388 to 33 on 3/23/2023, Roll Call 148). Formally recognizes ASEAN as an international organization, with the same diplomatic privileges enjoyed by other foreign embassies.

Both federal water regulations and the EPA are unconstitutional, and if the latest Biden administration rule were allowed to stand, activities such as farming and real estate development would be greatly hampered, since farmers and developers would be subject to increased unconstitutional permit requirements and fines concerning their treatment of almost any body of water, no matter how small.

H Con Res 21 U.S. Military in Syria (Rejected 103 to 321 on 3/8/2023, Roll Call 136). Directs the president to remove U.S. armed forces from Syria within 180 days of the adoption of the resolution. See U.S. Const., Art. I, Sec. 8.

H J Res 30 ESG Fiduciary Rule (Passed 216 to 204 on 2/28/2023, Roll Call 124). Overturns the Labor Department's rule allowing retirement-plan fiduciaries to use ESG. See U.S. Const., Art. I, Sec. 8.

The right to vote and choose representatives in America is retained solely by citizens of the United States, who, owing true faith and allegiance to the Constitution, are not subject to any foreign power. According to Article 1, Section 8, Clause 17 of the Constitution, Congress is granted the authority to “exercise exclusive legislation in all cases whatsoever” involving Washington, D.C.

It is unconstitutional to suspend the Constitution by declaring national public-health emergencies.

HR 497 Forced Vaccinations (Passed 227 to 203 on 1/31/2022, Roll Call 98). Eliminates the Health and Human Services (HHS) Covid-19 vaccine mandate on healthcare providers furnishing items and services in Medicare- and Medicaid-certified facilities. See U.S. Const., Art. I, Sec. 1.

HR 2617 Omnibus 2023 Spending (Passed 225 to 201 on 12/23/2022, Roll Call 549). Spends $1.7 trillion on multiple unconstitutional programs and agencies. See U.S. Const., Art. I, Sec. 8.

HR 8404 Marriage (Passed 258 to 169 on 12/8/2022, Roll Call 513). Repeals the Defense of Marriage Act and codifies the "right" to marry regardless of sexual orientation.

HR 6448 Federal Police Grants (Passed 360 to 64 on 9/22/2022, Roll Call 451). Spends a total of $300 million over five years on unconstitutional grants to local police, threatening their independence. See U.S. Const., Art. I, Sec. 8.

This bill undermines election integrity, infringes upon state sovereignty, and makes changes that are inconsistent with Article II, Section 1 of the U.S. Constitution.

HR 5376 Inflation Reduction Act (Passed 220 to 207 on 8/12/2022, Roll Call 420). Spends at least $512 billion on multiple unconstitutional and left-wing programs and initiatives. See U.S. Const., Art. I, Sec. 8.

This bill is a gross violation of the U.S. Constitution, especially the Second Amendment, which recognizes that “the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.” This is one step closer to a disarmed America — with the assistance of taxpayer dollars.

HR 4346 Semiconductor Incentives (Passed 243 to 187 on 7/28/2022, Roll Call 404). Spends $54.2 billion on multiple unconstitutional research, development, and manufacturing programs, and authorizes an additional $168.7 billion in spending. See U.S. Const., Art. I, Sec. 8.

HR 1130 Expanding NATO (Passed 394 to 18 on 7/18/2022, Roll Call 364). Expresses support for Sweden and Finland joining NATO and calls on NATO member states to formally support the countries' accession.

The right to life is the most fundamental, God-given, and unalienable right asserted in the Declaration of Independence and guaranteed by the Fifth and 14th Amendments to the U.S. Constitution.

According to the U.S. Constitution, only Congress has the authority to declare war. It is long past time to bring the troops home from Syria, especially considering that Congress never issued a declaration of war in relation to the country.

S 2938 Gun Control (Passed 234 to 193 on 6/24/2022, Roll Call 299). Implements new federal gun controls and mental-health programs. See U.S. Const., amend. 2.

HR 7691 Ukraine Aid (Passed 368 to 57 on 4/7/2022, Roll Call 145). Unconstitutionally spends $40.1 billion in aid to Ukraine. See U.S. Const., Art. I, Sec. 8.

HR 3807 Covid Aid (Passed 223 to 203 on 4/7/2022, Roll Call 123). Unconstitutionally spends $55 billion in grants to small businesses harmed by government Covid restrictions. See U.S. Const., Art. I, Sec. 8.

Honoring the subpoenas would undermine the constitutional separation of powers between the executive and legislative branches of government. President Trump had invoked executive privilege, and as Navarro pointed out, “it is not my privilege to waive” it. The January 6 committee is not a court of law; it is a kangaroo court. In fact, it was rigged from the beginning, when Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) took the unprecedented action of nixing two of Minority Leader Kevin McCarthy’s (R-Calif.) choices for the committee — Representatives Jim Banks (R-Ind.) and Jim Jordan (R-Ohio). Pelosi instead put on the so-called bipartisan committee RINOs (Republicans In Name Only) Liz Cheney (Wy.) and Adam Kinzinger (Ill.).

The United States should stay clear of entangling alliances such as NATO, but also because NATO obligates the United States to go to war if any member of NATO is attacked. Specifically, under the North Atlantic Treaty that established NATO in 1949, member nations “agree that an armed attack against one or more of them … shall be considered an attack against them all.” This agreement undermines the provision in the U.S. Constitution that assigns to Congress the power to declare war. There are now 30 countries in NATO, and an attack on any one of them could pull the United States into a war that neither Congress nor the American people want.

HR 2471 Omnibus Appropriations (Passed 361 to 69 on 3/9/2022, Roll Call 65). Spends $927.4 billion on multiple unconstitutional programs and agencies. See U.S. Const., Art. I, Sec. 8.

HR 2471 Omnibus Appropriations (Passed 260 to 171 on 3/9/2022, Roll Call 66). Spends about $600 billion on multiple unconstitutional programs and agencies. See U.S. Const., Art. I, Sec. 8.

HR 4521 Competitiveness Package (Passed 222 to 210 on 2/4/2022, Roll Call 31). Unconstitutionally authorizes $350 billion over five years for federal funding of research and development programs, along with leftist-agenda items. See U.S. Const., Art. I, Sec. 8.

The UNFCCC infringes on U.S. sovereignty and places an undue burden on American industry, workers, and taxpayers. Meeting the emission goals of the UNFCCC would significantly reduce U.S. economic output. Furthermore, the treaty requires the United States and other industrialized nations to provide economic assistance to fund climate-change action in “developing nations,” such as China.

Not only does this bill undermine election integrity, but it infringes upon federalism and state sovereignty as established under the Constitution and its 10th Amendment.

HR 5376 Build Back Better Act (Passed 220 to 213 on 11/19/2021). Spends $1.75 trillion on a wide range of left-wing, Great-Reset programs. See U.S. Const., Art. I, Sec. 8.

HR 3684 Infrastructure (Passed 228 to 206 on 11/5/2021). Spends $1.2 trillion on wasteful projects and socialized programs. See U.S. Const., Art. I, Sec. 8.

Abortion has nothing to do with the protection of women’s health, despite the name of the bill; and there is no right to an abortion in the Constitution, the 1973 Roe v. Wade decision notwithstanding.

Not only does this bill undermine election integrity, but it infringes upon state sovereignty as established under the 10th Amendment, subjugating it to the whims of federal bureaucrats.

HR 4373 State-Foreign Operations Appropriations Bill (Passed 217 to 212 on 7/28/2021). Spends $62.2 billion on the State Department and other foreign-affairs matters. Loaded with foreign aid and climate-change provisions. See U.S. Const., Art. I, Sec. 8.

Former White House Chief of Staff Mark Meadows' lawsuit, which describes the committee’s actions as “unconstitutional,” rightfully points out, “To the extent Congress seeks to utilize subpoenas to investigate and punish perceived criminal wrongdoing, it unconstitutionally intrudes on the prerogatives of the Executive Branch.” Furthermore, the January 6 Committee is part of a growing trend toward tyranny and political persecution.

HR 567 North and West Africa Interventionism (Passed 395 to 15 on 6/29/2021). Establishes a counterterrorism program in North and West Africa, dragging the U.S. into an unconstitutional, entangling alliance. See U.S. Const., Art. I, Sec. 8.

HR 2225 National Science Foundation (Passed 345 to 67 on 6/28/2021). Authorizes $77.9 billion for federal funding of science and engineering research and development. Promotes a radical climate-change agenda. See U.S. Const., Art. I, Sec. 8.

HR 391 Global Health Security Strategy (Passed 307 to 112 on 6/28/2021). Requires the president to take actions promoting U.S. integration in globalist, UN-tied health programs. See U.S. Const., Art. I, Sec. 8.

HR 256 Iraq AUMF Repeal (Passed 268 to 161 on 6/17/2021). Repeals the 2002 Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq, which unconstitutionally abdicated Congress's war powers. See U.S. Const., Art. I, Sec. 8, Cl. 11.

The United States already observes 10 other federal holidays. Furthermore, seeing as slavery ended on December 6, not June 19, the inclusion of the words “National Independence Day” to Juneteenth creates the appearance of supplanting July 4 as America’s Independence Day. This perpetuates a false and dangerous notion that the United States has different days of independence depending on one’s race or ancestry, and is consistent with the communist tactic of “dividing the people” along racial lines.

H.R. 51 Washington, D.C., Statehood (Passed 216 to 208 on April 22, 2021, Roll Call 132). Would admit most of the District of Columbia as the 51st state and give it full representation in Congress, with two U.S. senators and one U.S. representative.

HR 1603 Agricultural Migrant Amnesty (Passed 247 to 174 on 3/18/2021). Gives amnesty to over 1.5 million illegal aliens in the agriculture industry and changes the H-2A visa program to make it more attractive to migrants and increase chain migration.

H.R. 8 Background Checks (Passed 227 to 203 on March 11, 2021, Roll Call 75). Would criminalize most private firearms transactions unless they include an FBI background check, representing a major infringement on our God-given right to keep and bear arms.

HR 1319 Coronavirus Appropriations (Passed 220 to 211 on 3/10/2021). Spends $1.9 trillion on unconstitutional programs in the name of coronavirus relief. See U.S. Const., Art. I, Sec. 8.

HR 842 Collective Bargaining (Passed 225 to 206 on 3/9/2021). Ends state right-to-work laws, empowers the feds to force employees to unionize against their will, encourages illegal aliens to join unions, and aligns U.S. labor laws with the USMCA's requirements. See U.S. Const., amend. 10.

H.R. 1280 Police Reform (Passed 220 to 212 on March 3, 2021, Roll Call 60). Would establish national standards for police departments, another step toward a federal takeover of local police, and aims to defund police departments in favor of leftist “community organizations.”

H.R. 1 Federalizing Voting (Passed 220 to 210 on March 3, 2021, Roll Call 62). Would implement a sweeping federalization of American elections with provisions that would severely damage election integrity, including nationwide Internet, automatic, and same-day voter registration, mail-in voting, and early voting.

H.R. 5 Equality Act (Passed 224 to 206 on February 25, 2021, Roll Call 39). Expands definition of protected classes in federal law to include “gender identity.” Males who identify as females would be able to use public restrooms of the opposite sex — and vice versa. Lacks any religious exemptions.

House Resolution 24 Trump Impeachment (Adopted 232 to 197 on January 13, 2021, Roll Call 17). Trump had not committed any crime — much less “high Crimes and Misdemeanors” (the constitutional standard for impeachment).

We oppose. The act includes spending not only for legitimate national defense, but also for military interventionism in foreign lands that does not make America safer. Also, the legislation undercuts the president’s legitimate authority as commander-in-chief by restricting his ability to withdraw troops from Afghanistan, Germany, and South Korea.

We oppose. Congress is failing to address its profligate spending that yielded an annual federal deficit of $3.1 trillion in fiscal 2020. Moreover, Congress is minimizing its accountability to voters by combining all “discretionary” federal spending and coronavirus aid into one gigantic bill and only holding two votes on that bill in the House.

We oppose. Congress is failing to address its fiscally and constitutionally irresponsible budgeting and appropriating process that yielded an annual federal deficit of $3.1 trillion in fiscal 2020. Congress is minimizing its accountability to voters by combining all “discretionary” federal spending and coronavirus aid into one gigantic bill and only holding two votes on that bill in the House. Moreover, most of the coronavirus aid provisions, including direct checks, federal unemployment benefits, and subsidization of the economy, exceed the federal government’s authority.

We oppose. The bill advances a radical environmentalist agenda and increases federal government meddling in the energy market. Under the Constitution’s Interstate Commerce Clause, the federal government is empowered “to regulate Commerce … among the several States” only to prevent the restriction of the free flow of goods among the states. Moreover, H.R. 4447 infringes on U.S. sovereignty and will cause energy costs to skyrocket.

We oppose. Nowhere in the Constitution is the federal government authorized to regulate private employers, and federal requirements for covered benefits usually mean decreased pay. This is a matter reserved for the states and the people under the 10th Amendment.

We oppose. This bill irresponsibly increases the federal deficit and diverts energy royalties from being spent for needed constitutional purposes. Additionally, the Constitution does not authorize Congress to purchase private property except “for the Erection of Forts, Magazines, Arsenals, dock-Yards, and other needful Buildings.” Moreover, the federal government already owns a huge percentage of land directly —about 28 percent of the nation — and is a demonstrably poor steward of public lands.

We oppose. The statues that fill the National Statuary Hall are sent by the states at their discretion, and Congress should not be assuming the authority to tell the states which statues they are and are not allowed to place in the hall. This is plainly an attempt to erase American history.

We oppose. The federal government should not be funding highways, addressing transportation-related “climate-change” issues, promoting motor-vehicle safety, or imposing a tax on driving in order to pay for highway construction and maintenance. Such projects should be left in the hands of state or municipal governments, where the Constitution intends such issues to be handled.

We oppose. The push for D.C. statehood is merely a politically motivated effort to gain two Democratic Party senators and thus more easily advance a left-wing agenda. Moreover, granting statehood to the District of Columbia violates Article I, Section 8 of the U.S. Constitution. H.R. 51 purports to circumvent this constitutional prohibition by reducing D.C. to basically the Capitol and surrounding governmental buildings.

We oppose. Law enforcement is a local or state matter, and that is where decisions such as requiring police officers to wear body cameras should be made. By contrast, H.R. 7120 would move the country further in the direction of a federalized police force beholden to Washington.

It is unconstitutional for Congress to bail out the U.S. economy.

We oppose. Nowhere in the Constitution is the federal government authorized to disburse loans to small businesses or cover the salaries of laid-off employees. It is not the responsibility of the federal government to bail out businesses or the unemployed.

We oppose. While many of the proposed FISA modifications positive from a freedom and privacy standpoint, Congress should have instead voted to not reauthorize the FISA and let it expire. Despite the program’s title, the act permits surveillance of Americans who are not charged with any crime.

We support. According to the U.S. Constitution, only Congress may declare war. It is unfortunate that Congress has to pass a resolution enforcing this, but doing so puts a check on the war powers assumed by recent presidents.

We oppose. The time to ratify the ERA has long ended. Any further attempt to resurrect it to continue the ratification process is unconstitutional and inconsistent with the amendment ratification process as laid out in Article V of the Constitution.

HR 5430 USMCA (Passed 385 to 41 on 12/19/19). Contains the most dangerous provisions of NAFTA and the TPP. It will lead to a North American regional government similar to the European Union.

We oppose. In his actions on Ukraine, Trump did not commit “treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors,” the constitutional requirement for impeaching and removing a president or other U.S. “civil officer.” The House presented no evidence of any “high crimes.” Trump was accused of withholding aid from Ukraine, but the aid was provided. Also, there is no crime in making a request to investigate Hunter Biden and Burisma, as was alleged.

We oppose. The “obstruction of Congress” charge does not rise to the level of the “high crimes and misdemeanors” for which a president may be impeached and removed. There is uncontestable truth to the charge: Trump did direct the executive branch to ignore subpoenas issued by highly partisan, pro-impeachment House committees. What is contested is whether a president may constitutionally ignore such subpoenas. But that is an issue for the federal judiciary, not impeachment, to decide.

We oppose. Most of the spending programs in this appropriations bill are unconstitutional. Also, congressional spending for fiscal 2020 is grossly fiscally irresponsible. In mid-2020, our national debt was about $26 trillion, and the federal budget deficit for 2020 was expected to be an astounding $3.8 trillion.

We oppose. Many programs within this defense-related minibus are unconstitutional. This bill also is fiscally irresponsible, considering the $26 trillion national debt and projected $3.8 trillion budget deficit.

We oppose. Congress is failing to address its fiscally- and constitutionally-irresponsible budgeting and appropriating process that is yielding annual federal deficits of about $1 trillion. This directly contributes to the national debt’s growth.

We oppose. Spending must be brought under control, and deficits must be eliminated to avoid fiscal disaster — not “down the road,” but now. Additionally, much of the bill’s spending is unconstitutional.

HR 2500 Amendment Indefinite Military Detention (Failed 187 to 236 on 7/12/19). Would prohibit indefinite military detention of any person (including Americans). Indefinite detention without trial violates habeas corpus.

We oppose. The federal government has no constitutional authority to rebuild areas stricken by natural disasters. Such activity should be undertaken by private companies and charities first, and, as a last resort, handled by local or state governments. Disasters would arguably be handled more effectively this way compared to the feds.

H.R. 5 Equality Act (Passed 236 to 173 on 5/17/19). Expands definition of protected classes in federal law to include “gender identity.” Males who identify as females would be able to use public restrooms of the opposite sex — and vice versa.

H.R. 9 Paris Agreement (Passed 231 to 190 on 5/2/19). Would prohibit the use of federal funds for withdrawal from the Paris Agreement. Fulfilling the agreement would stifle U.S. economy without impacting on alleged man-made global warming

We support. Congress is vested with the power to declare war, and it has not authorized any intervention or war in Yemen. Nor should Congress do so since the civil war in Yemen does not threaten the U.S.

HR 8 Firearms Background Checks (Passed 240 to 190 on 2/27/19). Extends federal background checks to private sales, severely and unconstitutionally infringing on the right to keep and bear arms.

We oppose. The Constitution does not authorize Congress to purchase private property except “all Places purchased by the Consent of the Legislature of the State in which the Same shall be, for the Erection of Forts, Magazines, Arsenals, dock-Yards, and other needful Buildings.”

HJR 31 Consolidated Appropriations (Passed 300 to 128 on 2/14/19). Provides $333 billion in “discretionary” spending for the seven remaining fiscal 2019 appropriations bills. Most of the bill’s spending programs are unconstitutional.

Decisions regarding human interaction with various animal species, if handled by government at all, should be handled at the state and local levels. The U.S. Constitution does not give the federal government the authority to declare animals endangered and thus off-limits to hunt or otherwise manage. The growing gray wolf population has been a menace to farmers and ranchers in many states, and farmers are not allowed to protect their own property owing to federal regulations. Working to overturn such regulations is a good thing.

HR 6760 Tax Cuts (Passed 220 to 191 on 9/28/2018, Roll Call 414). Would make permanent the tax cuts for individuals in the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 that were set to expire at the end of 2025.

HR 6 Opioid Abuse Prevention and Health Programs (Passed 393 to 8 on 9/28/2018, Roll Call 415). Expands Medicare and Medicaid to cover medication-assisted treatment for substance abuse.

HR 6157 Defense-Labor-HHS-Education and Continuing Appropriations (Adopted 361 to 61 on 9/26/2018, Roll Call 405). Would provide $855.1 billion in discretionary funding for fiscal 2019.

HR 302 FAA Reauthorization and Supplemental Disaster Appropriations (Passed 398 to 23 on 9/26/2018, Roll Call 407). Reauthorizes appropriations for the FAA and TSA, as well as $1.7 billion for Hurricane Florence disaster relief. See U.S. Const., Art. I, Sec. 8.

The Constitution does not give the federal government authority to get into the insurance business. Having the federal government as an insurer essentially subsidizes risky behavior, such as building in flood-, fire-, and earthquake-prone areas, and forces the taxpayer to pick up the tab. Insurance policies for natural disasters should be offered by private insurers, with the market setting the rates for such coverage.

This particular excise tax was put in place to help pay for an unconstitutional program — the Affordable Care Act, aka ObamaCare. Repealing part of the funding for such an unconstitutional federal healthcare program is a good thing and should be supported.

HCR 119 Carbon Tax (Adopted 229 to 180 on 7/19/2018, Roll Call 363). Declares that a carbon tax would be "detrimental to American families and businesses" and "not in the best interest of the United States.”

The Constitution does not authorize the federal government to regulate the environment in general, let alone regulate methane emissions that accompany oil and natural gas production, processing, and distribution.

HR 3 Appropriations Cuts (Passed 210 to 206 on 6/7/2018). Would cut nearly $15 billion from previously approved, unspent, and wasteful spending. See U.S. Const., Art. I, Sec. 8.

HR 3249 Law Enforcement Partnership Grants (Passed 394 to 13 on 6/6/2018, Roll Call 239). Authorizes $50 million a year from 2019-2021 for the Project Safe Neighborhoods Block Grant Program.